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熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)是常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)測溫(wen)(wen)元(yuan)件(jian), 在檢(jian)(jian)測過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong), 因為(wei)不同(tong)金(jin)屬(shu)對(dui)于溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)所產生的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)形變, 將(jiang)(jiang)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)信(xin)號(hao)轉換(huan)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)勢(shi)信(xin)號(hao), 再(zai)經過(guo)儀表(biao)轉換(huan)成溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)信(xin)息(xi), 最(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)讓工作者得到溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)值, 屬(shu)于工業中(zhong)常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)測量儀表(biao)。作為(wei)一個常(chang)規(gui)的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)檢(jian)(jian)測裝置, 熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)也需要定(ding)期(qi)檢(jian)(jian)定(ding), 一般檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)周(zhou)期(qi)為(wei)半年。在傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong), 檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)人員將(jiang)(jiang)標(biao)準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)和被(bei)檢(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)連接起來, 手動(dong)調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差計(ji)給(gei)上述兩者的(de)(de)(de)熱電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢(shi), 然(ran)后將(jiang)(jiang)檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)數(shu)據填入相應的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)格, 進行計(ji)算, 最(zui)終(zhong)(zhong)得到被(bei)檢(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實(shi)值。這種傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)過(guo)程(cheng), 繁(fan)冗、復雜、用(yong)時長, 且精確度(du)(du)低, 經常(chang)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)產生人為(wei)誤差。

當前, 新興的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)偶自(zi)動檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)系統廣泛應用(yong)避免了以上(shang)人(ren)工(gong)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)的(de)(de)諸多問題, 使(shi)熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)偶檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)過程(cheng)過程(cheng)更(geng)標準、更(geng)規(gui)范、更(geng)智能(neng)(neng)。但在操作中仍有部分問題出(chu)現, 造(zao)成熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)偶的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)定結果(guo)的(de)(de)偏差, 我(wo)們提煉這些(xie)情況, 找出(chu)問題出(chu)現的(de)(de)情況及原因, 來提高(gao)熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)偶自(zi)動檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)系統的(de)(de)檢(jian)(jian)定能(neng)(neng)力。

自(zi)動(dong)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)是(shi)用雙極比較法進(jin)(jin)行(xing)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)偶(ou)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding), 將(jiang)被檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)偶(ou)與標(biao)準熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)偶(ou)捆綁在(zai)一(yi)起放入加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)爐(lu)內(nei), 將(jiang)它們的冷端放入到(dao)冰(bing)槽內(nei), 當加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)爐(lu)的溫度達到(dao)第一(yi)個(ge)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)點(dian)時(shi), 計(ji)算機通過感應裝置和標(biao)準偶(ou)判斷加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)爐(lu)爐(lu)溫是(shi)否(fou)已達到(dao)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)要求, 其(qi)中(zhong)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)的檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)點(dian)溫度偏差不(bu)超過±2℃, 檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)過程中(zhong)加(jia)熱(re)(re)(re)爐(lu)爐(lu)溫變化(hua)不(bu)超過0.2℃, 如(ru)果(guo)(guo)爐(lu)溫不(bu)夠穩定(ding)(ding), 則繼(ji)續保溫。當爐(lu)溫穩定(ding)(ding), 則自(zi)動(dong)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)開始檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding), 計(ji)算機依次讀取(qu)冷端電(dian)阻阻值(zhi)、以及各熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)偶(ou)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)動(dong)勢, 并送入計(ji)算機, 計(ji)算機再對結果(guo)(guo)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)處理(li)、轉換, 保存在(zai)計(ji)算機中(zhong)。第一(yi)個(ge)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)點(dian)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)完畢后, 繼(ji)續升溫, 又(you)重(zhong)復(fu)上(shang)述3、4步, 直到(dao)所有檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)點(dian)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)完畢。將(jiang)測(ce)得數據(ju)傳回到(dao)電(dian)腦處理(li)器, 通過系(xi)統(tong)(tong)自(zi)動(dong)算出熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)偶(ou)的值(zhi)。如(ru)果(guo)(guo)冷端并沒(mei)有放到(dao)冰(bing)槽里, 而是(shi)放在(zai)室內(nei), 等同于室溫, 則自(zi)動(dong)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)有一(yi)根感應器測(ce)出室溫, 系(xi)統(tong)(tong)會自(zi)動(dong)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)溫度補償, 計(ji)算后得出熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)偶(ou)的真實值(zhi)。

這(zhe)種情況多是(shi)硬件連(lian)接(jie)的(de)問題(ti)(ti)(ti), 掃(sao)(sao)描器與(yu)計算機的(de)通(tong)訊(xun)、通(tong)訊(xun)設備(bei)發(fa)(fa)生問題(ti)(ti)(ti)、掃(sao)(sao)描器連(lian)接(jie)線(xian)出現故障、或者是(shi)加熱(re)爐(lu)(lu)的(de)問題(ti)(ti)(ti), 在解決這(zhe)種問題(ti)(ti)(ti)時, 首先讓系統(tong)自行進行掃(sao)(sao)描器通(tong)訊(xun)的(de)測試, 在軟件測試發(fa)(fa)現問題(ti)(ti)(ti)時, 對(dui)掃(sao)(sao)描器、連(lian)接(jie)線(xian)及通(tong)訊(xun)設備(bei)依次進行檢查, 發(fa)(fa)現無誤后, 再檢查加熱(re)爐(lu)(lu)的(de)電源是(shi)否(fou)打開(kai)(kai), 判(pan)斷(duan)(duan)加熱(re)爐(lu)(lu)是(shi)否(fou)損壞, 判(pan)斷(duan)(duan)時將加熱(re)爐(lu)(lu)供電電源斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)(kai), 用萬用表測量(liang)加熱(re)爐(lu)(lu)電阻(zu), 一般為(wei)20歐姆左右, 如果沒有(you)20歐姆左右, 說(shuo)明加熱(re)爐(lu)(lu)燒壞, 如果上(shang)述問題(ti)(ti)(ti)都正常, 就打開(kai)(kai)掃(sao)(sao)描控(kong)制(zhi)器上(shang)蓋(gai), 檢查20A保險是(shi)否(fou)正常。

(1) 檢(jian)查軟件(jian)(jian)問題(ti), 在PID參(can)數被修改(gai)后, 系統軟件(jian)(jian)無(wu)法達到平(ping)衡狀態, 因此, 首先要檢(jian)查PID參(can)數是否被修改(gai)。

(2) 檢(jian)查(cha)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)爐是否存在漏電(dian)現象(xiang), 導致溫(wen)度(du)不穩定。在加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)爐爐溫(wen)到達1000℃附近時, 控溫(wen)30分鐘, 檢(jian)測放入加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)爐中的(de)(de)各熱(re)(re)電(dian)偶(ou)參考端與保護接地(di)線之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)交(jiao)流電(dian)壓(ya), 此數(shu)(shu)值不應(ying)超(chao)過(guo)100V。如(ru)超(chao)過(guo), 應(ying)檢(jian)查(cha)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)爐的(de)(de)外殼(ke)是否已(yi)接地(di)。如(ru)果外殼(ke)確已(yi)接地(di), 電(dian)壓(ya)超(chao)過(guo)100V, 而且在控溫(wen)過(guo)程中數(shu)(shu)字(zi)表中數(shu)(shu)字(zi)出(chu)現明顯(xian)的(de)(de)隨(sui)機跳動, 則說明加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)爐在高溫(wen)情況下漏電(dian)嚴重, 不能適用于檢(jian)定系統(tong)。

(3) 附近高頻設備(bei)或(huo)大型設備(bei)的(de)使用, 也(ye)會出現(xian)隨機跳字、溫度難以(yi)控穩的(de)現(xian)象(xiang), 此時可對數字表進(jin)行屏蔽, 或(huo)停止(zhi)設備(bei)的(de)使用。

(4) 電(dian)源接(jie)觸不良。在較高的檢定下, 因功(gong)率較大(da), 線(xian)路(lu)產生(sheng)的平均(jun)電(dian)流較大(da), 因此會導(dao)致接(jie)點發熱(re)、打火(huo)的現象, 此時會大(da)大(da)影響系統對(dui)于輸入加熱(re)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)實際功(gong)率的準確(que)度, 使爐(lu)(lu)(lu)內溫度出(chu)現頻(pin)繁不正常波動(dong)(dong), 在工作界面會看(kan)到(dao)功(gong)率曲線(xian)的上下浮動(dong)(dong)。出(chu)現這樣的現象就表示加熱(re)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)的電(dian)源有接(jie)觸不良的情況, 需仔細檢查加熱(re)爐(lu)(lu)(lu)的整個供電(dian)回路(lu), 包括開關、接(jie)線(xian)處及(ji)可能發生(sheng)松動(dong)(dong)的地方, 將其重(zhong)新連接(jie)。

這種(zhong)情況多是(shi)因為熱(re)電偶自(zi)身的問題引起(qi)的。

(1) 熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)絲發生形(xing)變。熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)絲發生彎曲、扭(niu)折等(deng)變形(xing)會在熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)絲中引(yin)入(ru)應(ying)力, 導致材料的熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)特性發生改(gai)變。對于某些熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou), 它們的熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)極很細(xi)而且極軟(ruan), 容易(yi)發生變形(xing), 變形(xing)熱(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)測(ce)量時, 結(jie)果會有(you)偏差。所以, 檢(jian)定前需(xu)要檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)絲的情況, 把(ba)其(qi)拉(la)直。

(2) 熱(re)電(dian)極發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)污染現象。如果(guo)熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)絲(si)的(de)表(biao)面不(bu)光亮, 或者已(yi)(yi)經(jing)發(fa)暗變黑, 則表(biao)明熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)絲(si)表(biao)面已(yi)(yi)經(jing)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)污染現象, 已(yi)(yi)經(jing)嚴(yan)重氧化, 因此在檢(jian)定初期, 要對熱(re)電(dian)偶(ou)絲(si)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)檢(jian)查, 發(fa)現污染, 就需(xu)要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)清(qing)洗, 消除污染。

(3) 熱(re)(re)電偶(ou)(ou)插入深(shen)度(du)不合理。在對工(gong)業(ye)用熱(re)(re)電偶(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)檢(jian)定(ding)(ding)規(gui)程中(zhong)對熱(re)(re)電偶(ou)(ou)插入加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)爐深(shen)度(du)有(you)嚴格規(gui)定(ding)(ding), 即(ji)熱(re)(re)電偶(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)測(ce)量(liang)端位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)應在檢(jian)定(ding)(ding)爐最(zui)高(gao)溫區內(nei), 一(yi)般為加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)爐的(de)(de)中(zhong)間位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)內(nei), 在反復的(de)(de)操作過(guo)程中(zhong), 熱(re)(re)電偶(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)會發生(sheng)移動, 插入深(shen)度(du)過(guo)深(shen)或過(guo)淺, 加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)爐兩端未用高(gao)鋁棉進行封(feng)堵, 導致熱(re)(re)量(liang)流失, 都(dou)會導致檢(jian)定(ding)(ding)結果的(de)(de)偏差, 因此, 在檢(jian)定(ding)(ding)過(guo)程中(zhong), 要檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)熱(re)(re)電偶(ou)(ou)絲的(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi), 并(bing)檢(jian)查(cha)(cha)加(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re)爐的(de)(de)保溫情(qing)況。

(4) 熱電偶參(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)溫(wen)度較高(gao)。在檢(jian)定開始(shi)前, 我們(men)將(jiang)需(xu)將(jiang)參(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)置(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)0℃恒(heng)溫(wen)器內, 使(shi)得參(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)溫(wen)度為零, 但(dan)有(you)時(shi)(shi), 雖然從被檢(jian)熱電偶的參(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)接入了補(bu)償(chang)導(dao)線(xian), 但(dan)該線(xian)并沒(mei)有(you)直接放入到(dao)恒(heng)溫(wen)器的內部, 而是(shi)在靠近(jin)端(duan)(duan)口處, 因此補(bu)償(chang)導(dao)線(xian)溫(wen)度看(kan)似0℃, 但(dan)實際卻高(gao)于(yu)(yu)0℃, 更接近(jin)室溫(wen)。此外在一些檢(jian)測室所(suo)使(shi)用的冰點器玻璃試管太粗, 參(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)溫(wen)度高(gao)于(yu)(yu)零度。熱電偶檢(jian)定時(shi)(shi)間較長, 參(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)溫(wen)度必(bi)然發生(sheng)變(bian)化, 會隨(sui)著環境溫(wen)度逐漸升高(gao), 這時(shi)(shi), 可以重(zhong)新調整參(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)溫(wen)度, 配置(zhi)(zhi)新的冰水混合(he)物, 將(jiang)參(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)重(zhong)新置(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)(yu)零點。此外, 利用軟(ruan)件的自動補(bu)償(chang)方式, 讓軟(ruan)件隨(sui)時(shi)(shi)判斷參(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)溫(wen)度, 軟(ruan)件將(jiang)自行進行溫(wen)度補(bu)償(chang)計算, 最(zui)終(zhong)得到(dao)真(zhen)實值。

在工(gong)業(ye)用(yong)熱電(dian)偶自(zi)(zi)動(dong)檢測系(xi)統中(zhong), 檢定者需要對于軟件的(de)(de)應用(yong)及硬件的(de)(de)連(lian)接十分(fen)熟練, 對于檢定過程中(zhong)各(ge)種(zhong)發生(sheng)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)和現象, 通過多次反復(fu)的(de)(de)排(pai)查對比, 進行合(he)理分(fen)析, 最(zui)終(zhong)得到熱電(dian)偶的(de)(de)真實情況(kuang)。隨著工(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)發展, 熱電(dian)偶自(zi)(zi)動(dong)檢定系(xi)統的(de)(de)開發與研制(zhi)也將進一步升級, 最(zui)終(zhong)達(da)到控(kong)制(zhi)自(zi)(zi)動(dong)化(hua)(hua)、檢定簡潔(jie)化(hua)(hua)、結果精準化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)檢定水(shui)準。