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JJF 1637-2017《廉金屬熱電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)校(xiao)準規范》 (以下簡稱“規范”) 中要求(qiu)校(xiao)準廉金屬熱電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)時參(can)考(kao)(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)(duan)的連(lian)接(jie)方法是:將剝去絕緣層(ceng)的銅導(dao)線(xian)一(yi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)與被校(xiao)熱電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)參(can)考(kao)(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)(duan)連(lian)接(jie), 置入裝有酒(jiu)精或變壓器(qi)油的玻(bo)璃試管(guan)內, 再均勻地插入參(can)考(kao)(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)(duan)恒溫器(qi)內。實(shi)際工作中, 很多被校(xiao)熱電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)參(can)考(kao)(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)(duan)由于偶(ou)(ou)絲直徑(jing)較粗、較硬、較短等原(yuan)因, 不能直接(jie)與銅導(dao)線(xian)一(yi)端(duan)(duan)(duan)連(lian)接(jie)插入參(can)考(kao)(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)(duan)恒溫器(qi)內, 無法滿(man)足校(xiao)準需求(qiu), 這(zhe)時就需要使用補(bu)償導(dao)線(xian)延長被校(xiao)熱電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)參(can)考(kao)(kao)(kao)端(duan)(duan)(duan)來(lai)解決這(zhe)個問題。

根(gen)據熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)連接(jie)導(dao)(dao)(dao)體定律, 只有(you)(you)選(xuan)配(pei)與熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特(te)性(xing)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)連接(jie), 將(jiang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)參(can)(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端延伸到溫(wen)(wen)度(du)恒(heng)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方, 才能(neng)不影響(xiang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)溫(wen)(wen)準(zhun)確性(xing)。因此, 若選(xuan)用(yong)普(pu)通銅(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)連接(jie), 會給測(ce)(ce)量結(jie)果帶來較大影響(xiang), 若將(jiang)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)參(can)(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端用(yong)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材料(liao)延長, 理論上可以, 但會造成(cheng)材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浪費, 補償(chang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)就是為解決這(zhe)個矛盾(dun)而產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)一定溫(wen)(wen)度(du)范(fan)圍內和所連接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)具有(you)(you)相(xiang)同(tong)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特(te)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)廉(lian)金(jin)屬(shu)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian), 稱為熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補償(chang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。它(ta)由(you)補償(chang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)芯、絕緣層和護套等組成(cheng)。它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點是在(zai)參(can)(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端溫(wen)(wen)度(du)可能(neng)變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍內 (0℃～100℃或200℃) , 由(you)補償(chang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)兩極組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特(te)性(xing)與所配(pei)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特(te)性(xing)相(xiang)同(tong), 使得熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)回路中(zhong)加入(ru)(ru)補償(chang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)后, 其熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢僅與測(ce)(ce)量端溫(wen)(wen)度(du)和補償(chang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)測(ce)(ce)儀器連接(jie)處溫(wen)(wen)度(du)有(you)(you)關。因此, 校(xiao)準(zhun)廉(lian)金(jin)屬(shu)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)時(shi)應選(xuan)用(yong)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補償(chang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian), 將(jiang)其一端與被(bei)校(xiao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)參(can)(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端連接(jie), 把被(bei)校(xiao)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)偶(ou)參(can)(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端移至補償(chang)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)輸出(chu)端, 另一端與銅(tong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)連接(jie)后再(zai)插入(ru)(ru)參(can)(can)(can)考(kao)(kao)端恒(heng)溫(wen)(wen)器內, 這(zhe)樣(yang)就可以滿足(zu)校(xiao)準(zhun)需求(qiu)。

廉金(jin)屬熱電偶主(zhu)要(yao)有K、N、E、J、T五種類型(xing), 其(qi)對應的補(bu)償導線主(zhu)要(yao)有KC、KX、NC、NX、EX、JX、TX七種類型(xing)。補(bu)償導線型(xing)號(hao)及(ji)成分見表1。

補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)導(dao)線按材料類型(xing)(xing)分為延(yan)長(chang)型(xing)(xing)和補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)型(xing)(xing)。與(yu)所(suo)配(pei)用(yong)(yong)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)化學成分相同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)導(dao)線稱為延(yan)長(chang)型(xing)(xing)補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)導(dao)線, 用(yong)(yong)字母“X”附在熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)分度(du)號(hao)(hao)之后表示(shi), 如KX表示(shi)K型(xing)(xing)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)用(yong)(yong)延(yan)長(chang)型(xing)(xing)補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)導(dao)線。與(yu)所(suo)配(pei)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)化學成分不(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)導(dao)線稱為補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)型(xing)(xing)補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)導(dao)線, 用(yong)(yong)字母“C”附在熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)分度(du)號(hao)(hao)之后表示(shi), 不(bu)同(tong)(tong)合金絲可以(yi)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)于同(tong)(tong)一分度(du)號(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou), 并用(yong)(yong)附加字母區別(bie), 如KCA、KCB等(deng)。延(yan)長(chang)型(xing)(xing)和補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)型(xing)(xing)補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)導(dao)線的(de)(de)(de)優(you)缺點比較(jiao)見表2。校(xiao)(xiao)準廉金屬熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)時(shi)應(ying)選用(yong)(yong)延(yan)長(chang)型(xing)(xing)補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)導(dao)線, 因為這種導(dao)線材料與(yu)所(suo)配(pei)用(yong)(yong)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)(de)材料相同(tong)(tong), 在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)范圍內可以(yi)滿(man)足校(xiao)(xiao)準準確度(du)的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu), 不(bu)能使(shi)用(yong)(yong)補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)型(xing)(xing)補(bu)(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)導(dao)線, 因為這種導(dao)線材料與(yu)所(suo)配(pei)用(yong)(yong)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)的(de)(de)(de)材料不(bu)同(tong)(tong), 會給校(xiao)(xiao)準結果帶來(lai)不(bu)可忽視(shi)的(de)(de)(de)誤差。

補(bu)償導(dao)線(xian)按熱電特性(xing)的允(yun)差分為精密級(ji) (符號S) 和普通(tong)級(ji)。當熱電偶(ou)參考(kao)端溫度為0℃時(shi), 補(bu)償導(dao)線(xian)的允(yun)差見表3。規(gui)范(fan)中明確(que)提出(chu)補(bu)償導(dao)線(xian)的技(ji)術要求(qiu)為 (室溫～70) ℃時(shi)允(yun)許偏(pian)差±0.2℃, 普通(tong)級(ji)補(bu)償導(dao)線(xian)很難滿(man)足技(ji)術要求(qiu), 因此, 校準(zhun)廉(lian)金屬熱電偶(ou)時(shi)應選用(yong)精密級(ji)補(bu)償導(dao)線(xian)。

補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)線按耐(nai)溫(wen)(wen)等級分為(wei)一般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong) (符號G) 和耐(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)用(yong)(yong)(yong) (符號H) 。一般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)線溫(wen)(wen)度使用(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍: (-40～100) ℃, 耐(nai)熱(re)(re)(re)用(yong)(yong)(yong)補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)線溫(wen)(wen)度使用(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍: (-40～200) ℃, 補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)線與(yu)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)偶連(lian)接(jie)點的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度不(bu)(bu)得超過規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度使用(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍, 因為(wei)超過規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度使用(yong)(yong)(yong)范(fan)圍補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)線與(yu)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)偶的(de)(de)(de)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)特性相差(cha)較大, 會產(chan)生(sheng)較大的(de)(de)(de)測量誤(wu)差(cha)。校(xiao)準廉金屬熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)偶時補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)線與(yu)被校(xiao)熱(re)(re)(re)電(dian)偶參考(kao)端連(lian)接(jie)點的(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度一般(ban)不(bu)(bu)超過100℃, 因此, 應選用(yong)(yong)(yong)一般(ban)用(yong)(yong)(yong)補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)線。

(1) 補(bu)償(chang)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)只能用于校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)2級(ji)廉(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬熱(re)(re)電偶, 校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)1級(ji)廉(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬熱(re)(re)電偶時不(bu)能使用補(bu)償(chang)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)。從(cong)原(yuan)理上講(jiang), 校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)廉(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬熱(re)(re)電偶是不(bu)應該使用補(bu)償(chang)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)的(de)(de), 因為校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)廉(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬熱(re)(re)電偶的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)是要(yao)確定廉(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬熱(re)(re)電偶本身回路中的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)電勢值(zhi), 從(cong)而(er)(er)確定與分度(du)表(biao)的(de)(de)誤(wu)(wu)差, 而(er)(er)接入補(bu)償(chang)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)后, 由于補(bu)償(chang)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)本身存(cun)在對(dui)分度(du)表(biao)的(de)(de)誤(wu)(wu)差, 會把補(bu)償(chang)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)的(de)(de)誤(wu)(wu)差疊加到(dao)被校熱(re)(re)電偶回路中, 從(cong)而(er)(er)增大校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)誤(wu)(wu)差, 造成錯誤(wu)(wu)判斷(duan)。所以對(dui)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)確度(du)要(yao)求較高的(de)(de)1級(ji)廉(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬熱(re)(re)電偶, 校準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)時是不(bu)允許(xu)使用補(bu)償(chang)導(dao)(dao)線(xian)的(de)(de)。

(2) 規范(fan)中提出補(bu)償(chang)導線(xian)的(de)技術要(yao)求為 (室溫(wen)～70) ℃時(shi)(shi)允許(xu)偏(pian)差±0.2℃, 這是(shi)指補(bu)償(chang)導線(xian)滿足±0.2℃時(shi)(shi), 數(shu)據處(chu)理時(shi)(shi)不用考慮(lv)補(bu)償(chang)導線(xian)的(de)修正(zheng)值(zhi), 補(bu)償(chang)導線(xian)無法滿足±0.2℃時(shi)(shi), 數(shu)據處(chu)理時(shi)(shi)必須考慮(lv)補(bu)償(chang)導線(xian)的(de)修正(zheng)值(zhi)。同時(shi)(shi), 建標時(shi)(shi)配備的(de)補(bu)償(chang)導線(xian)必須滿足±0.2℃的(de)要(yao)求。

(3) 補償(chang)導線的(de)使用長度約500mm。

(4) 各種(zhong)補償導線只(zhi)能與相應(ying)型號的廉金屬熱電偶配用, 型號不一致不能使用。

(5) 補(bu)償(chang)導線有正、負極(ji)之(zhi)分, 使用時, 正、負極(ji)性不得(de)接錯(cuo), 否則(ze)不僅起不到補(bu)償(chang)作用, 而且(qie)還會造(zao)成更(geng)大的測(ce)量誤差。

如(ru)何(he)判斷補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)型(xing)號(hao)和極(ji)(ji)性:將(jiang)補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)兩端(duan)(duan)各剝去一(yi)小段絕(jue)緣層, 并將(jiang)兩根導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)端(duan)(duan)絞接(jie)在一(yi)起, 然后放入沸(fei)水中, 兩根補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)另一(yi)端(duan)(duan)分別(bie)與銅導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)連(lian)接(jie)后插入冰點槽中, 再將(jiang)銅導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)引向電(dian)(dian)測(ce)儀(yi)器(qi)。所(suo)測(ce)補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)熱電(dian)(dian)勢(shi)若與表3中所(suo)列出的(de)(de)(de)某一(yi)熱電(dian)(dian)勢(shi)相(xiang)符合(he), 便可(ke)知該補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)型(xing)號(hao)。據(ju)此, 與電(dian)(dian)測(ce)儀(yi)器(qi)正端(duan)(duan)連(lian)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)即(ji)為(wei)補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)正極(ji)(ji), 與電(dian)(dian)測(ce)儀(yi)器(qi)負端(duan)(duan)連(lian)接(jie)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)即(ji)為(wei)補(bu)(bu)償導(dao)(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)負極(ji)(ji)。

(6) 由于補償導線與廉(lian)金屬熱(re)電偶的熱(re)電特性并不完全相同, 所以要求連接處(chu)的兩個接點溫度應盡量相同, 否則將引入測量誤差。

(7) 補償導(dao)線的(de)絕(jue)緣層及護套應避免油漬(zi)浸(jin)濁而(er)短路, 影響補償導(dao)線的(de)正常使用。